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Anatomic Eponyms in Neuroradiology Brain, Cerebral Vasculature, and Calvarium

Posted May 31, 2016 Updated Apr 10, 2023
By Paul M. Bunch MD , Amir A. Zamani MD
22 min read

Medical eponyms are ubiquitous, numerous, and at times controversial. They are often useful for succinctly conveying complex concepts, and familiarity with eponyms is important for proper usage and appropriate communication. In this historical review, we identify 18 anatomic eponyms used to describe structures of the brain, cerebral vasculature, and calvarium. For each structure, we first offer a biographical sketch of the individual for whom the structure is named. This is followed by a description of the anatomic structure and a brief discussion of its clinical relevance.

Introduction

During the interpretation of a cross-sectional study of the head, the radiologist evaluates dozens of eponymous neuroanatomic structures, while possibly knowing nothing about the individuals for whom these structures are named. As our understanding of neuroanatomy and our ability to accurately depict it with imaging continue to improve with the passage of time, we become farther removed from and often less familiar with the lives of the historic individuals whose past work forms the foundation of modern medical science. Eponyms are a means of honoring some of these individuals, many of whom led fascinating lives.

It must be acknowledged that eponyms can be a source of confusion, may lack scientific accuracy, often do not reflect the group effort of scientific discovery, and may inappropriately laud unethical or criminal behavior . However, eponyms are extremely commonly used as a means to succinctly convey complex concepts, and eponyms add color to what can at times be a dry science. Therefore, familiarity with eponyms is important for proper usage and appropriate communication.

Previous works published in the radiology literature have covered cardiothoracic , gastrointestinal , musculoskeletal , and vascular eponyms. However, little has been published related to eponyms specific to neuroradiology , and no previous article specifically intended for radiologists has focused on eponymous neuroanatomic structures.

In this historical review, we identify 18 anatomic eponyms used to describe structures of the brain, cerebral vasculature, and calvarium. For each structure, we first offer a biographical sketch of the individual for whom the structure is named. This is followed by a description of the anatomic structure and a brief discussion of its clinical relevance.

Brain

Broca’s Area

Paul Broca (1824–1880) was born near Bordeaux, France and was the son of a former surgeon in Napoleon’s army . Broca obtained his medical degree in Paris in 1848 . Over the course of his career, Broca became involved in the heated academic debate of whether the cerebral hemispheres function as an indivisible unit or whether they have specialized parts . In 1861, Broca assumed care of a patient named Leborgne, who suffered from cellulitis and gangrene and for 20 years produced only the single repetitive syllable “tan” . Broca saw Leborgne’s predicament as a test case for the question of language localization and, upon Leborgne’s death, Broca performed an autopsy demonstrating a lesion of the left frontal lobe third convolution . Broca subsequently demonstrated via at least seven more autopsies of patients with conditions similar to Leborgne’s that expressive aphasia consistently correlated with lesions affecting the posterior inferior left frontal gyrus . Broca married the daughter of Dr. Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol , who was himself famous for his iodine solution. Broca died suddenly at age 56 of what is presumed to have been a myocardial infarction .

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Figure 1, Broca's area. Axial T2-weighted image with blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) overlay demonstrates activation of Broca's area ( arrow ) in the left frontal lobe during a word production task. (Color version of figure available online).

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Foramina of Luschka and Magendie

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Figure 2, Foramina of Luschka. Axial T2-weighted image obtained in a 4-year-old boy presenting with headaches and vomiting demonstrates a fourth ventricular mass extending through the foramina of Luschka ( asterisks ). The mass was subsequently surgically removed and proven by pathologic evaluation to represent an ependymoma. (Courtesy of Dr. Jeremy Wortman).

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Foramina of Monro

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Figure 3, Foramina of Monro. (a) Lateral projection left common carotid digital subtraction angiogram in the venous phase demonstrates the left venous angle ( circle ), which serves as the angiographic landmark for the ipsilateral foramen of Monro. (b) Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image obtained in a 37-year-old woman presenting to the emergency department with worsening headache demonstrates a mass ( asterisk ) at the foramen of Monro causing obstructive hydrocephalus. The mass was subsequently surgically removed and proven by pathologic evaluation to represent a colloid cyst.

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Rolandic Fissure

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Figure 4, Rolandic fissure. Axial three-dimensional gradient recalled echo postcontrast T1-weighted image demonstrates the Rolandic fissure ( solid white line ), which is located anterior to the marginal ramus ( dashed white line ) and posterior to the junction of the superior frontal sulcus ( solid gray line ) and the precentral sulcus ( dashed gray line ).

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Sylvian Aqueduct

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Figure 5, Sylvian aqueduct. Sagittal contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image obtained in a 30-year-old man presenting with 2 weeks of worsening headache and ataxia with upward gaze restriction noted on physical exam demonstrates an enhancing mass ( arrow ) centered in the expected location of the pineal gland. The mass compresses the Sylvian aqueduct, resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus. Note that the fourth ventricle is normal in size. The mass was subsequently surgically removed and proven by pathologic evaluation to be a pineal germinoma.

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Sylvian Fissure

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Figure 6, Sylvian fissure. Axial noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) image obtained in an 80-year-old woman presenting with acute left hemiparesis demonstrates a hyperdense right middle cerebral artery ( arrow ) within the right Sylvian fissure. No other CT evidence of acute infarct was present.

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Virchow-Robin Spaces

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Wernicke’s Area

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Figure 7, Wernicke's area. (a) Axial T2-weighted image with blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) overlay demonstrates activation of Wernicke's area (arrow) in the left temporal lobe during an antonym production task. (Color version of figure available online).

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Cerebral Vasculature

Vein of Galen

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Figure 8, Vein of Galen, basal vein of Rosenthal, and torcular Herophili. (a) Lateral projection left common carotid digital subtraction angiogram in the venous phase demonstrates the vein of Galen ( arrow ), formed by the confluence of the left internal cerebral vein ( asterisk ) and the left basal vein of Rosenthal ( arrowhead ). Venous blood passes from the vein of Galen through the straight sinus to reach the torcular Herophili ( circle ). (b) Coronal oblique phase-contrast magnetic resonance venography maximum intensity projection image demonstrates a normal variant high bifurcation of the superior sagittal sinus ( arrows ) and normal variant drainage of the straight sinus ( arrowhead ) to the left transverse sinus. As a result, there is absence of signal in the expected location of the torcular Herophili ( circle ). This and other normal variant appearances should not be mistaken for thrombosis.

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Torcular Herophili

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Artery of Heubner

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Figure 9, Recurrent artery of Heubner. (a) Frontal projection right internal carotid digital subtraction angiogram performed in a 64-year-old woman with known ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm initially diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) angiogram (not shown) demonstrates the left recurrent artery of Heubner ( arrows ) in close proximity to the anterior communicating artery aneurysm ( asterisk ). The fetal right posterior cerebral artery ( arrowheads ) projects over the anterior communicating artery aneurysm and the right A1 segment. (b) Axial noncontrast head CT image obtained in the same patient after interval left pterional craniotomy for clipping of the anterior communicating artery aneurysm demonstrates new hypodensity ( asterisk ) involving the left caudate head, anterior limb of the left internal capsule, and anterior putamen, compatible with evolved left recurrent artery of Heubner territory infarct. Also note the evolved right anterior cerebral artery territory infarct ( arrow ) and the persistent subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is most conspicuous in the Sylvian cisterns.

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Vein of Labbé

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Figure 10, Veins of Labbé and Trolard. Lateral projection right internal carotid digital subtraction angiogram in the venous phase demonstrates the right vein of Labbé ( arrows ) emptying into the right transverse sinus as well as the right vein of Trolard ( arrowheads ) coursing from the right Sylvian fissure to drain into the superior sagittal sinus.

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Artery of Percheron

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Figure 11, Artery of Percheron. Axial diffusion-weighted image and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient map (not shown) obtained in an 89-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation off anticoagulation, presenting with slurred speech and decreased sensorium demonstrate acute bilateral thalamic infarcts.

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Basal Vein of Rosenthal

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Vein of Trolard

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Circle of Willis

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Calvarium

Wormian Bones

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Figure 12, Wormian bones. Three-dimensional volume-rendered lateral view of the skull in an 8-year-old boy with a history of cleidocranial dysostosis demonstrates innumerable Wormian bones, the preponderance of which are associated with the lambdoid suture. Although the presence of fewer than 10 Wormian bones is generally considered a normal variant, the presence of these many accessory ossicles should be considered pathologic. (Color version of figure available online).

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Conclusion

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Academic Radiology, Volume 23, Issue 6
Journals General Radiology
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