Rationale and Objectives
The number of citations a publication receives can be used to show its impact on a field of study. It may indicate the educational interest in a given population or underline a perceived or real educational gap. This article identifies and characterizes the 100 top cited publications in radiologic journals as of May 2013.
Materials and Methods
All clinical radiologic journals listed by Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports in 2011 were identified. A total of 46 journals were identified, and all articles published within these journals were analyzed for citation counts. The top 100 highly cited articles were recorded.
Results
The most frequently cited radiologic articles appeared in 9 of the 46 journals. These included 59 articles in Radiology , 17 in Journal of Nuclear Medicine , 9 in the American Journal of Roentgenology , 5 in the British Journal of Radiology , 4 in Investigative Radiology , 2 in American Journal of Neuroradiology , 2 in European Radiology , 2 in Radiologic Clinics of North America , 1 in the Seminars in Nuclear Medicine , and 1 in Pediatric Radiology . The citation values ranged from 422 to 7506 with a mean of 751. Publication dates ranged from 1967 to 2006 with the 5-year period between 1986 and 1990 accounting for the largest percentage of articles. The most frequently studied radiologic modality was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 28 articles), followed by vascular/interventional (19 articles) and nuclear medicine (13 articles). The central nervous system was the most frequently studied organ system (22 articles), followed by mixed organ systems (14 articles) and liver (12 articles).
Conclusions
The top cited articles in radiologic journals span a wide range of imaging modalities, subspecialties, and organ systems. Topics that occurred frequently in the top 100 cited articles included contrast and radiopharmaceutical characterization, MRI of motion, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the liver and percutaneous vertebroplasty. We present a methodology that uses citation analysis to identify and characterize these articles. Its use may aid radiologists, academic organization, and editorial staff in determining areas of imaging interest or perceived educational gap. It also highlights the importance of including classic articles in current imaging education.
The study of medicine in the 21st century brings with it a unique set of problems. There has been an exponential rise in biomedical information and resources at times making it difficult to find the information being sought and also making it difficult to detect the gaps and weaknesses in these repositories of knowledge. Methods for addressing the large amount of resources in an efficient, timely, and accurate manner are essential as we move into the future of evidence-based medicine.
The past decade has seen a series of studies which identify landmark articles in disciplines such as anesthesiology , critical care , occupational therapy , ophthalmology , orthopedics , otolaryngology , neurosurgery , pediatric surgery , plastic surgery , and urology . These studies used citation counts as a surrogate for the impact of an article on its discipline. These highly cited articles have been made available as lists for reference so that individuals can easily review the articles considered most impactful.
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Materials and methods
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Statistics
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Results
Sources and Citations
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Table 1
List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
Rank Article Citations Citations per Year 1 Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 1982; 143(1):29–36. PubMed PMID: 7063747. 7506 242.1 2 Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 1983; 148(3):839–843. PubMed PMID: 6878708. 3582 119.4 3 Metz CE. Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 1978; 8(4):283–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2998(7880014-2) . PubMed PMID: WOS:A1978FU31300002. 2556 73.0 4 Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. The British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1016–1022. PubMed PMID: 4757352. 1651 41.3 5 Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR Imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986; 161(2):401–407. PubMed PMID: 3763909. 1367 50.6 6 Metz CE. ROC Methodology in radiologic imaging. Investigative Radiology 1986; 21(9):720–733. PubMed PMID: 3095258. 1307 48.4 7 Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, DiChiro G. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology 1996; 201(3):637–648. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VU50000010. 1264 74.4 8 Judkins MP. Selective coronary arteriography. I. A percutaneous transfemoral technic. Radiology 1967; 89(5):815–824. PubMed PMID: 6048074. 1096 23.8 9 Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18f]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1986; 27(2):235–238. PubMed PMID: 3712040. 1080 40.0 10 Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176(2):289–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289 . PubMed PMID: 11159059. 1034 86.2 11 Fowler JF. The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. The British Journal of Radiology 1989; 62(740):679–694. PubMed PMID: 2670032. 972 40.5 12 Weinmann HJ, Brasch RC, Press WR, Wesbey GE. Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 1984; 142(3):619–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.142.3.619 . PubMed PMID: 6607655 909 31.3 13 Dixon WT. Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1984; 153(1):189–194. PubMed PMID: 6089263. 892 30.8 14 Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology 2001; 219(2):316–333. PubMed PMID: WOS:000168314100003. 853 71.1 15 Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H 2 (15)O. I. Implementation and validation. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):790–798. PubMed PMID: 6604140. 850 28.3 16 Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L, Gazelle GS. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210(3):655–661. PubMed PMID: WOS:000078796500012. 850 60.7 17 Germano G, Kiat H, Kavanagh PB, Moriel M, Mazzanti M, Su HT, et al. Automatic quantification of ejection fraction from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1995; 36(11):2138–2147. PubMed PMID: 7472611. 833 46.3 18 Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging—a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 1988; 169(1):59–63. PubMed PMID: 3420283. 829 33.2 19 Katayama H, Yamaguchi K, Kozuka T, Takashima T, Seez P, Matsuura K. Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology 1990; 175(3):621–628. PubMed PMID: 2343107. 813 35.3 20 Stavros AT, Thickman D, Rapp CL, Dennis MA, Parker SH, Sisney GA. Solid breast nodules: use of sonography to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 1995; 196(1):123–134. PubMed PMID: 7784555. 813 45.2 21 Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2000; 41(8):1369–1379. PubMed PMID: 10945530. 772 59.4 22 Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Aubin ML, Vignaud J, Laval-Jeantet M. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168(2):497–505. PubMed PMID: 3393671. 770 30.8 23 Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985; 157(1):87–93. PubMed PMID: 4034983. 738 26.4 24 Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H 2 (15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):782–789. PubMed PMID: 6604139. 731 24.4 25 Metz CE. Some practical issues of experimental design and data analysis in radiological ROC studies. Investigative Radiology 1989; 24(3):234–245. PubMed PMID: 2753640. 715 29.8 26 Kubota R, Yamada S, Kubota K, Ishiwata K, Tamahashi N, Ido T. Intratumoral distribution of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in vivo: high accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissues studied by microautoradiography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(11):1972–1980. 708 33.7 27 Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990; 174(2):331–336. PubMed PMID: 2296641. 706 30.7 28 Ambrose J. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 2. Clinical application. British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1023–1047. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1973R540700002. 687 17.2 29 Strauss LG, Conti PS. The Applications of PET in clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1991; 32(4):623–648; discussion 49–50. PubMed PMID: 2013803. 685 31.1 30 Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G, Salmi A, de Sio I, Bolondi L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197(1):101–8. PubMed PMID: 7568806. 675 37.5 31 Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 1983; 148(2):397–401. PubMed PMID: 6306721. 674 22.5 32 Axel L, Dougherty L. MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. Radiology 1989; 171(3):841–845. PubMed PMID: 2717762. 666 27.8 33 Wakana S, Jiang HY, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PCM, Mori S. Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology 2004; 230(1):77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2301021640 . PubMed PMID: WOS:000187613100012. 666 74.0 34 Kalender WA, Seissler W, Klotz E, Vock P. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology 1990; 176(1):181–183. PubMed PMID: 2353088. 663 28.8 35 Dewey WC, Hopwood LE, Sapareto SA, Gerweck LE. Cellular responses to combinations of hyperthermia and radiation. Radiology 1977; 123(2):463–474. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977DE17100044. 656 18.2 36 Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Asgari HS, Wendland MF, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central-nervous-system. Radiology 1990; 176(2):439–45. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DP56600026. 655 28.5 37 Moseley ME, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Cohen Y, Kurhanewicz J, Derugin N, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1990; 11(3):423–429. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DB32900001. 648 28.2 38 Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Ierace T, Solbiati L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions. Radiology 2000; 214(3):761–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:000085478800024. 648 49.8 39 Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Hillenbrand HB, Wu E, Bundy JM, et al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 2001; 218(1):215–223. PubMed PMID: WOS:000167571300037. 641 53.4 40 Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures: technical aspects. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997; 18(10):1897–1904. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997YH89400022. 637 39.8 41 Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5-T in Alzheimer dementia and normal aging. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1987; 149(2):351–356. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1987J254400029. 635 24.4 42 Kuhl CK, Mielcareck P, Klaschik S, Leutner C, Wardelmann E, Gieseke J, et al. Dynamic breast MR imaging: are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions? Radiology 1999; 211(1):101–110. PubMed PMID: WOS:000079323200015. 631 45.1 43 Edwards CL, Hayes RL. Tumor scanning with 67 Ga citrate. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1969; 10(2):103–105. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1969C516300008. 627 14.3 44 Prince MR. Gadolinium-enhanced MR aortography. Radiology 1994; 191(1):155–164. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994NB68500031. 624 32.8 45 Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL, Bree RL, Adler RS. Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US. Radiology 1994; 190(3):853–856. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994MX69800045. 622 32.7 46 Pavel DG, Zimmer AM, Patterson VN. In vivo labeling of red blood-cells with Tc-99m: new approach to blood pool visualization. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1977; 18(3):305–308. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977CY71100021. 618 17.2 47 Sonoda M, Takano M, Miyahara J, Kato H. Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence. Radiology 1983; 148(3):833–838. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1983RD86600043. 611 20.4 48 Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175(2):489–493. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990CZ49100036. 591 25.7 49 Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Suss C, et al. First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. European Radiology 2006; 16(2):256–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-2919-2 . PubMed PMID: WOS:000234755200001. 590 84.3 50 Wolfe JN. Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast-cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1976; 126(6):1130–1139. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1976BT75500002. 580 15.7 51 Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E, Quaretti P, Garbagnati F, Squassante L, et al. Percutaneous RF interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1996; 167(3):759–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VD39600048. 577 33.9 52 Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN, et al. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. 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Adaptive technique for high-definition MR imaging of moving structures. Radiology 1989; 173(1):255–263. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989AQ83100052. 432 18.0 97 Laberge JM, Ring EJ, Gordon RL, Lake JR, Doherty MM, Somberg KA, et al. Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the Wallstent endoprosthesis: results in 100 patients. Radiology 1993; 187(2):413–420. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KY90700027. 427 21.4 98 Taillefer R, Boucher Y, Potvin C, Lambert R. Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study). Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(10):1801–1807. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JU52000018. 426 20.3 99 Dotter CT. Transluminally-placed coilspring endarterial tube grafts: long-term patency in canine popliteal artery. Investigative Radiology 1969; 4(5):329–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-196909000-00008 . 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Table 2
List of Journals Included in This Analysis, Their Impact Factors, and Contribution to the List of the “100 Top Cited” Articles
Journal Impact Factor ∗ Number of Articles in the Top 100Radiology 5.726 59Journal Nuclear Medicine 6.381 17American Journal of Roentgenology 2.775 9British Journal of Radiology 1.314 5Investigative Radiology 4.593 4American Journal of Neuroradiology 2.928 2European Radiology 3.222 2Pediatric Radiology 1.674 1Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 4.308 1
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Author and Institutions
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Publication Year
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Study Design, Type, and Statistical Analysis
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Radiologic Technique and Subspecialty
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Topic of Study and Subspecialty
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Table 3
List of Articles by Radiologic Subspecialty and Technique
Type of Study Total Misc Neuro NM IR Breast Cardiac MSK Chest Pediatrics GU Molecular Abdominal Imaging technique 23 5 8 3 0 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 Interventional technique 17 0 0 0 16 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tissue characterization 11 1 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Contrast 8 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diagnosis 7 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Radiopharmaceutical 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ROC 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New modality 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Classification 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Dosimetry 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Review 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Screening 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Risk assessment 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Terminology 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 100 23 19 19 16 9 4 3 2 2 1 1 1
GU, Genitourinary; IR, Interventional Radiology; MSK, Musculoskeletal; NM, Nuclear Medicine; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
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Discussion
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